diff --git a/internal/measurexlite/dns.go b/internal/measurexlite/dns.go
index cd2353b..fd86eaa 100644
--- a/internal/measurexlite/dns.go
+++ b/internal/measurexlite/dns.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package measurexlite
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"log"
 	"net"
 	"time"
@@ -97,9 +98,20 @@ func (tx *Trace) OnDNSRoundTripForLookupHost(started time.Time, reso model.Resol
 	}
 }
 
+// DNSNetworkAddresser is the type of something we just used to perform a DNS
+// round trip (e.g., model.DNSTransport, model.Resolver) that allows us to get
+// the network and the address of the underlying resolver/transport.
+type DNSNetworkAddresser interface {
+	// Address is like model.DNSTransport.Address
+	Address() string
+
+	// Network is like model.DNSTransport.Network
+	Network() string
+}
+
 // NewArchivalDNSLookupResultFromRoundTrip generates a model.ArchivalDNSLookupResultFromRoundTrip
 // from the available information right after the DNS RoundTrip
-func NewArchivalDNSLookupResultFromRoundTrip(index int64, started time.Duration, reso model.Resolver, query model.DNSQuery,
+func NewArchivalDNSLookupResultFromRoundTrip(index int64, started time.Duration, reso DNSNetworkAddresser, query model.DNSQuery,
 	response model.DNSResponse, addrs []string, err error, finished time.Duration) *model.ArchivalDNSLookupResult {
 	return &model.ArchivalDNSLookupResult{
 		Answers:          archivalAnswersFromAddrs(addrs),
@@ -167,3 +179,53 @@ func (tx *Trace) FirstDNSLookup() *model.ArchivalDNSLookupResult {
 	}
 	return ev[0]
 }
+
+// ErrDelayedDNSResponseBufferFull indicates that the delayedDNSResponse buffer is full.
+var ErrDelayedDNSResponseBufferFull = errors.New("buffer full")
+
+// OnDelayedDNSResponse implements model.Trace.OnDelayedDNSResponse
+func (tx *Trace) OnDelayedDNSResponse(started time.Time, txp model.DNSTransport, query model.DNSQuery,
+	response model.DNSResponse, addrs []string, err error, finished time.Time) error {
+	t := finished.Sub(tx.ZeroTime)
+	select {
+	case tx.delayedDNSResponse <- NewArchivalDNSLookupResultFromRoundTrip(
+		tx.Index,
+		started.Sub(tx.ZeroTime),
+		txp,
+		query,
+		response,
+		addrs,
+		err,
+		t,
+	):
+		return nil
+	default:
+		return ErrDelayedDNSResponseBufferFull
+	}
+}
+
+// DelayedDNSResponseWithTimeout drains the network events buffered inside
+// the delayedDNSResponse channel. We construct a child context based on [ctx]
+// and the given [timeout] and we stop reading when original [ctx] has been
+// cancelled or the given [timeout] expires, whatever happens first. Once the
+// timeout expired, we drain the chan as much as possible before returning.
+func (tx *Trace) DelayedDNSResponseWithTimeout(ctx context.Context,
+	timeout time.Duration) (out []*model.ArchivalDNSLookupResult) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			for { // once the context is done enter in channel draining mode
+				select {
+				case ev := <-tx.delayedDNSResponse:
+					out = append(out, ev)
+				default:
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		case ev := <-tx.delayedDNSResponse:
+			out = append(out, ev)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/measurexlite/dns_test.go b/internal/measurexlite/dns_test.go
index b7138bb..fb0c94e 100644
--- a/internal/measurexlite/dns_test.go
+++ b/internal/measurexlite/dns_test.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package measurexlite
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"net"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -322,6 +323,158 @@ func TestFirstDNSLookup(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestDelayedDNSResponseWithTimeout(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("OnDelayedDNSResponse saves into the trace", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("when buffer is not full", func(t *testing.T) {
+			zeroTime := time.Now()
+			td := testingx.NewTimeDeterministic(zeroTime)
+			trace := NewTrace(0, zeroTime)
+			trace.TimeNowFn = td.Now
+			txp := &mocks.DNSTransport{
+				MockNetwork: func() string {
+					return "udp"
+				},
+				MockAddress: func() string {
+					return "1.1.1.1"
+				},
+			}
+			started := trace.TimeNow()
+			query := &mocks.DNSQuery{
+				MockType: func() uint16 {
+					return dns.TypeA
+				},
+				MockDomain: func() string {
+					return "dns.google.com"
+				},
+			}
+			addrs := []string{"1.1.1.1"}
+			finished := trace.TimeNow()
+			// 1. fill the trace
+			err := trace.OnDelayedDNSResponse(started, txp, query, &mocks.DNSResponse{},
+				addrs, nil, finished)
+			// 2. read the trace
+			got := trace.DelayedDNSResponseWithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal("unexpected error", err)
+			}
+			if len(got) != 1 {
+				t.Fatal("unexpected output from trace")
+			}
+		})
+
+		t.Run("when buffer is full", func(t *testing.T) {
+			zeroTime := time.Now()
+			td := testingx.NewTimeDeterministic(zeroTime)
+			trace := NewTrace(0, zeroTime)
+			trace.TimeNowFn = td.Now
+			trace.delayedDNSResponse = make(chan *model.ArchivalDNSLookupResult) // no buffer
+			txp := &mocks.DNSTransport{
+				MockNetwork: func() string {
+					return "udp"
+				},
+				MockAddress: func() string {
+					return "1.1.1.1"
+				},
+			}
+			started := trace.TimeNow()
+			query := &mocks.DNSQuery{
+				MockType: func() uint16 {
+					return dns.TypeA
+				},
+				MockDomain: func() string {
+					return "dns.google.com"
+				},
+			}
+			addrs := []string{"1.1.1.1"}
+			finished := trace.TimeNow()
+			// 1. attempt to write into the trace
+			err := trace.OnDelayedDNSResponse(started, txp, query, &mocks.DNSResponse{},
+				addrs, nil, finished)
+			if !errors.Is(err, ErrDelayedDNSResponseBufferFull) {
+				t.Fatal("unexpected error", err)
+			}
+			// 2. confirm we didn't write anything
+			got := trace.DelayedDNSResponseWithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
+			if len(got) != 0 {
+				t.Fatal("unexpected output from trace")
+			}
+		})
+	})
+
+	t.Run("DelayedDNSResponseWithTimeout drains the trace", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("context is already cancelled and we still drain the trace", func(t *testing.T) {
+			zeroTime := time.Now()
+			td := testingx.NewTimeDeterministic(zeroTime)
+			trace := NewTrace(0, zeroTime)
+			trace.TimeNowFn = td.Now
+			txp := &mocks.DNSTransport{
+				MockNetwork: func() string {
+					return "udp"
+				},
+				MockAddress: func() string {
+					return "1.1.1.1"
+				},
+			}
+			started := trace.TimeNow()
+			query := &mocks.DNSQuery{
+				MockType: func() uint16 {
+					return dns.TypeA
+				},
+				MockDomain: func() string {
+					return "dns.google.com"
+				},
+			}
+			addrs := []string{"1.1.1.1"}
+			finished := trace.TimeNow()
+			events := 4
+			for i := 0; i < events; i++ {
+				// fill the trace
+				trace.delayedDNSResponse <- NewArchivalDNSLookupResultFromRoundTrip(trace.Index, started.Sub(trace.ZeroTime),
+					txp, query, &mocks.DNSResponse{}, addrs, nil, finished.Sub(trace.ZeroTime))
+			}
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+			cancel() // we ensure that the context cancels before draining all the events
+			// drain the trace
+			got := trace.DelayedDNSResponseWithTimeout(ctx, 10*time.Second)
+			if len(got) != 4 {
+				t.Fatal("unexpected output from trace", len(got))
+			}
+		})
+
+		t.Run("normal case where the context times out after we start draining", func(t *testing.T) {
+			zeroTime := time.Now()
+			td := testingx.NewTimeDeterministic(zeroTime)
+			trace := NewTrace(0, zeroTime)
+			trace.TimeNowFn = td.Now
+			txp := &mocks.DNSTransport{
+				MockNetwork: func() string {
+					return "udp"
+				},
+				MockAddress: func() string {
+					return "1.1.1.1"
+				},
+			}
+			started := trace.TimeNow()
+			query := &mocks.DNSQuery{
+				MockType: func() uint16 {
+					return dns.TypeA
+				},
+				MockDomain: func() string {
+					return "dns.google.com"
+				},
+			}
+			addrs := []string{"1.1.1.1"}
+			finished := trace.TimeNow()
+			trace.delayedDNSResponse <- NewArchivalDNSLookupResultFromRoundTrip(trace.Index, started.Sub(trace.ZeroTime),
+				txp, query, &mocks.DNSResponse{}, addrs, nil, finished.Sub(trace.ZeroTime))
+			got := trace.DelayedDNSResponseWithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
+			if len(got) != 1 {
+				t.Fatal("unexpected output from trace")
+			}
+		})
+	})
+}
+
 func TestAnswersFromAddrs(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name string
diff --git a/internal/measurexlite/trace.go b/internal/measurexlite/trace.go
index 49c483b..b631cb6 100644
--- a/internal/measurexlite/trace.go
+++ b/internal/measurexlite/trace.go
@@ -34,8 +34,7 @@ type Trace struct {
 	// traces, you can use zero to indicate the "default" trace.
 	Index int64
 
-	// networkEvent is MANDATORY and buffers network events. If you create
-	// this channel manually, ensure it has some buffer.
+	// networkEvent is MANDATORY and buffers network events.
 	networkEvent chan *model.ArchivalNetworkEvent
 
 	// NewStdlibResolverFn is OPTIONAL and can be used to overide
@@ -62,20 +61,19 @@ type Trace struct {
 	// calls to the netxlite.NewQUICDialerWithoutResolver factory.
 	NewQUICDialerWithoutResolverFn func(listener model.QUICListener, dl model.DebugLogger) model.QUICDialer
 
-	// dnsLookup is MANDATORY and buffers DNS Lookup observations. If you create
-	// this channel manually, ensure it has some buffer.
+	// dnsLookup is MANDATORY and buffers DNS Lookup observations.
 	dnsLookup chan *model.ArchivalDNSLookupResult
 
-	// tcpConnect is MANDATORY and buffers TCP connect observations. If you create
-	// this channel manually, ensure it has some buffer.
+	// delayedDNSResponse is MANDATORY and buffers delayed DNS responses.
+	delayedDNSResponse chan *model.ArchivalDNSLookupResult
+
+	// tcpConnect is MANDATORY and buffers TCP connect observations.
 	tcpConnect chan *model.ArchivalTCPConnectResult
 
-	// tlsHandshake is MANDATORY and buffers TLS handshake observations. If you create
-	// this channel manually, ensure it has some buffer.
+	// tlsHandshake is MANDATORY and buffers TLS handshake observations.
 	tlsHandshake chan *model.ArchivalTLSOrQUICHandshakeResult
 
-	// quicHandshake is MANDATORY and buffers QUIC handshake observations. If you create
-	// this channel manually, ensure it has some buffer.
+	// quicHandshake is MANDATORY and buffers QUIC handshake observations.
 	quicHandshake chan *model.ArchivalTLSOrQUICHandshakeResult
 
 	// TimeNowFn is OPTIONAL and can be used to override calls to time.Now
@@ -88,23 +86,27 @@ type Trace struct {
 
 const (
 	// NetworkEventBufferSize is the buffer size for constructing
-	// the Trace's NetworkEvent buffered channel.
+	// the Trace's networkEvent buffered channel.
 	NetworkEventBufferSize = 64
 
 	// DNSLookupBufferSize is the buffer size for constructing
-	// the Trace's DNSLookup map of buffered channels.
+	// the Trace's dnsLookup buffered channel.
 	DNSLookupBufferSize = 8
 
+	// DNSResponseBufferSize is the buffer size for constructing
+	// the Trace's dnsDelayedResponse buffered channel.
+	DelayedDNSResponseBufferSize = 8
+
 	// TCPConnectBufferSize is the buffer size for constructing
-	// the Trace's TCPConnect buffered channel.
+	// the Trace's tcpConnect buffered channel.
 	TCPConnectBufferSize = 8
 
 	// TLSHandshakeBufferSize is the buffer for construcing
-	// the Trace's TLSHandshake buffered channel.
+	// the Trace's tlsHandshake buffered channel.
 	TLSHandshakeBufferSize = 8
 
 	// QUICHandshakeBufferSize is the buffer for constructing
-	// the Trace's QUICHandshake buffered channel.
+	// the Trace's quicHandshake buffered channel.
 	QUICHandshakeBufferSize = 8
 )
 
@@ -132,6 +134,10 @@ func NewTrace(index int64, zeroTime time.Time) *Trace {
 			chan *model.ArchivalDNSLookupResult,
 			DNSLookupBufferSize,
 		),
+		delayedDNSResponse: make(
+			chan *model.ArchivalDNSLookupResult,
+			DelayedDNSResponseBufferSize,
+		),
 		tcpConnect: make(
 			chan *model.ArchivalTCPConnectResult,
 			TCPConnectBufferSize,
diff --git a/internal/measurexlite/trace_test.go b/internal/measurexlite/trace_test.go
index ce29c66..2e8396e 100644
--- a/internal/measurexlite/trace_test.go
+++ b/internal/measurexlite/trace_test.go
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ func TestNewTrace(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 		})
 
-		t.Run("DNSLookup has the expected buffer size", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("dnsLookup has the expected buffer size", func(t *testing.T) {
 			ff := &testingx.FakeFiller{}
 			var idx int
 		Loop:
@@ -99,11 +99,30 @@ func TestNewTrace(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 			}
 			if idx != DNSLookupBufferSize {
-				t.Fatal("invalid DNSLookup channel buffer size")
+				t.Fatal("invalid dnsLookup channel buffer size")
 			}
 		})
 
-		t.Run("TCPConnect has the expected buffer size", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("delayedDNSResponse has the expected buffer size", func(t *testing.T) {
+			ff := &testingx.FakeFiller{}
+			var idx int
+		Loop:
+			for {
+				ev := &model.ArchivalDNSLookupResult{}
+				ff.Fill(ev)
+				select {
+				case trace.delayedDNSResponse <- ev:
+					idx++
+				default:
+					break Loop
+				}
+			}
+			if idx != DelayedDNSResponseBufferSize {
+				t.Fatal("invalid delayedDNSResponse channel buffer size")
+			}
+		})
+
+		t.Run("tcpConnect has the expected buffer size", func(t *testing.T) {
 			ff := &testingx.FakeFiller{}
 			var idx int
 		Loop:
@@ -118,11 +137,11 @@ func TestNewTrace(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 			}
 			if idx != TCPConnectBufferSize {
-				t.Fatal("invalid TCPConnect channel buffer size")
+				t.Fatal("invalid tcpConnect channel buffer size")
 			}
 		})
 
-		t.Run("TLSHandshake has the expected buffer size", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("tlsHandshake has the expected buffer size", func(t *testing.T) {
 			ff := &testingx.FakeFiller{}
 			var idx int
 		Loop:
@@ -137,11 +156,11 @@ func TestNewTrace(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 			}
 			if idx != TLSHandshakeBufferSize {
-				t.Fatal("invalid TLSHandshake channel buffer size")
+				t.Fatal("invalid tlsHandshake channel buffer size")
 			}
 		})
 
-		t.Run("QUICHandshake has the expected buffer size", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("quicHandshake has the expected buffer size", func(t *testing.T) {
 			ff := &testingx.FakeFiller{}
 			var idx int
 		Loop:
@@ -156,7 +175,7 @@ func TestNewTrace(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 			}
 			if idx != QUICHandshakeBufferSize {
-				t.Fatal("invalid QUICHandshake channel buffer size")
+				t.Fatal("invalid quicHandshake channel buffer size")
 			}
 		})
 
diff --git a/internal/model/mocks/trace.go b/internal/model/mocks/trace.go
index aca9962..bf9132b 100644
--- a/internal/model/mocks/trace.go
+++ b/internal/model/mocks/trace.go
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ type Trace struct {
 	MockOnDNSRoundTripForLookupHost func(started time.Time, reso model.Resolver, query model.DNSQuery,
 		response model.DNSResponse, addrs []string, err error, finished time.Time)
 
+	MockOnDelayedDNSResponse func(started time.Time, txp model.DNSTransport, query model.DNSQuery,
+		response model.DNSResponse, addrs []string, err error, finished time.Time) error
+
 	MockOnConnectDone func(
 		started time.Time, network, domain, remoteAddr string, err error, finished time.Time)
 
@@ -57,6 +60,11 @@ func (t *Trace) OnDNSRoundTripForLookupHost(started time.Time, reso model.Resolv
 	t.MockOnDNSRoundTripForLookupHost(started, reso, query, response, addrs, err, finished)
 }
 
+func (t *Trace) OnDelayedDNSResponse(started time.Time, txp model.DNSTransport, query model.DNSQuery,
+	response model.DNSResponse, addrs []string, err error, finished time.Time) error {
+	return t.MockOnDelayedDNSResponse(started, txp, query, response, addrs, err, finished)
+}
+
 func (t *Trace) OnConnectDone(
 	started time.Time, network, domain, remoteAddr string, err error, finished time.Time) {
 	t.MockOnConnectDone(started, network, domain, remoteAddr, err, finished)
diff --git a/internal/model/mocks/trace_test.go b/internal/model/mocks/trace_test.go
index 2972bf7..3b294ff 100644
--- a/internal/model/mocks/trace_test.go
+++ b/internal/model/mocks/trace_test.go
@@ -71,6 +71,30 @@ func TestTrace(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})
 
+	t.Run("OnDelayedDNSResponse", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var called bool
+		tx := &Trace{
+			MockOnDelayedDNSResponse: func(started time.Time, txp model.DNSTransport,
+				query model.DNSQuery, response model.DNSResponse,
+				addrs []string, err error, finished time.Time) error {
+				called = true
+				return nil
+			},
+		}
+		tx.OnDelayedDNSResponse(
+			time.Now(),
+			&DNSTransport{},
+			&DNSQuery{},
+			&DNSResponse{},
+			[]string{},
+			nil,
+			time.Now(),
+		)
+		if !called {
+			t.Fatal("not called")
+		}
+	})
+
 	t.Run("OnConnectDone", func(t *testing.T) {
 		var called bool
 		tx := &Trace{
diff --git a/internal/model/netx.go b/internal/model/netx.go
index 0f3a56b..ecc9f5e 100644
--- a/internal/model/netx.go
+++ b/internal/model/netx.go
@@ -340,6 +340,29 @@ type Trace interface {
 	OnDNSRoundTripForLookupHost(started time.Time, reso Resolver, query DNSQuery,
 		response DNSResponse, addrs []string, err error, finished time.Time)
 
+	// OnDelayedDNSResponse is used with a DNSOverUDPTransport and called
+	// when we get delayed, unexpected DNS responses.
+	//
+	// Arguments:
+	//
+	// - started is when we started reading the delayed response;
+	//
+	// - txp is the DNS transport used with the resolver;
+	//
+	// - query is the non-nil DNS query we use for the RoundTrip;
+	//
+	// - response is the non-nil valid DNS response, obtained after some delay;
+	//
+	// - addrs is the list of addresses obtained after decoding the delayed response,
+	// which is empty if the response did not contain any addresses, which we
+	// extract by calling the DecodeLookupHost method.
+	//
+	// - err is the result of DecodeLookupHost: either an error or nil;
+	//
+	// - finished is when we have read the delayed response.
+	OnDelayedDNSResponse(started time.Time, txp DNSTransport, query DNSQuery,
+		resp DNSResponse, addrs []string, err error, finsihed time.Time) error
+
 	// OnConnectDone is called when connect terminates.
 	//
 	// Arguments:
diff --git a/internal/netxlite/dnsoverudp.go b/internal/netxlite/dnsoverudp.go
index 4f453c9..9d246c3 100644
--- a/internal/netxlite/dnsoverudp.go
+++ b/internal/netxlite/dnsoverudp.go
@@ -45,10 +45,6 @@ type DNSOverUDPTransport struct {
 
 	// Endpoint is the MANDATORY server's endpoint (e.g., 1.1.1.1:53)
 	Endpoint string
-
-	// IOTimeout is the MANDATORY I/O timeout after which any
-	// conn created to perform round trips times out.
-	IOTimeout time.Duration
 }
 
 // NewUnwrappedDNSOverUDPTransport creates a DNSOverUDPTransport instance
@@ -67,10 +63,9 @@ type DNSOverUDPTransport struct {
 // have less control over which IP address is being used.
 func NewUnwrappedDNSOverUDPTransport(dialer model.Dialer, address string) *DNSOverUDPTransport {
 	return &DNSOverUDPTransport{
-		Decoder:   &DNSDecoderMiekg{},
-		Dialer:    dialer,
-		Endpoint:  address,
-		IOTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
+		Decoder:  &DNSDecoderMiekg{},
+		Dialer:   dialer,
+		Endpoint: address,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -78,21 +73,36 @@ func NewUnwrappedDNSOverUDPTransport(dialer model.Dialer, address string) *DNSOv
 func (t *DNSOverUDPTransport) RoundTrip(
 	ctx context.Context, query model.DNSQuery) (model.DNSResponse, error) {
 	// QUIRK: the original code had a five seconds timeout, which is
-	// consistent with the Bionic implementation. Let's enforce such a
-	// timeout using the context in the outer operation because we
-	// need to run for more seconds in the background to catch as many
-	// duplicate replies as possible.
+	// consistent with the Bionic implementation.
 	//
 	// See https://labs.ripe.net/Members/baptiste_jonglez_1/persistent-dns-connections-for-reliability-and-performance
 	const opTimeout = 5 * time.Second
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, opTimeout)
 	defer cancel()
-	outch, err := t.AsyncRoundTrip(ctx, query, 1) // buffer to avoid background's goroutine leak
+	rawQuery, err := query.Bytes()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	defer outch.Close() // we own the channel
-	return outch.Next(ctx)
+	conn, err := t.Dialer.DialContext(ctx, "udp", t.Endpoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	conn.SetDeadline(time.Now().Add(opTimeout))
+	joinedch := make(chan bool)
+	myaddr := conn.LocalAddr().String()
+	if _, err := conn.Write(rawQuery); err != nil {
+		conn.Close() // we still own the conn
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	resp, err := t.recv(query, conn)
+	if err != nil {
+		conn.Close() // we still own the conn
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// start a goroutine to listen for any delayed DNS response and
+	// TRANSFER the conn's OWNERSHIP to such a goroutine.
+	go t.ownConnAndSendRecvLoop(ctx, conn, query, myaddr, joinedch)
+	return resp, nil
 }
 
 // RequiresPadding returns false for UDP according to RFC8467.
@@ -119,196 +129,17 @@ func (t *DNSOverUDPTransport) CloseIdleConnections() {
 
 var _ model.DNSTransport = &DNSOverUDPTransport{}
 
-// DNSOverUDPResponse is a response received by a DNSOverUDPTransport when you
-// use its AsyncRoundTrip method as opposed to using RoundTrip.
-type DNSOverUDPResponse struct {
-	// Err is the error that occurred (nil in case of success).
-	Err error
-
-	// LocalAddr is the local UDP address we're using.
-	LocalAddr string
-
-	// Operation is the operation that failed.
-	Operation string
-
-	// Query is the related DNS query.
-	Query model.DNSQuery
-
-	// RemoteAddr is the remote server address.
-	RemoteAddr string
-
-	// Response is the response (nil iff error is not nil).
-	Response model.DNSResponse
-}
-
-// newDNSOverUDPResponse creates a new DNSOverUDPResponse instance.
-func (t *DNSOverUDPTransport) newDNSOverUDPResponse(localAddr string, err error,
-	query model.DNSQuery, resp model.DNSResponse, operation string) *DNSOverUDPResponse {
-	return &DNSOverUDPResponse{
-		Err:        err,
-		LocalAddr:  localAddr,
-		Operation:  operation,
-		Query:      query,
-		RemoteAddr: t.Endpoint, // The common case is to have an IP:port here (domains are discouraged)
-		Response:   resp,
-	}
-}
-
-// DNSOverUDPChannel is a wrapper around a channel for reading zero
-// or more *DNSOverUDPResponse that makes extracting information from
-// the underlying channels more user friendly than interacting with
-// the channels directly, thanks to useful wrapper methods implementing
-// common access patterns. You can still use the underlying channels
-// directly if there's no suitable convenience method.
-//
-// You MUST call the .Close method when done. Not calling such a method
-// leaks goroutines and causes connections to stay open forever.
-type DNSOverUDPChannel struct {
-	// Response is the channel where we'll post responses. This channel
-	// WILL NOT be closed when the background goroutine terminates.
-	Response <-chan *DNSOverUDPResponse
-
-	// Joined IS CLOSED when the background goroutine terminates.
-	Joined <-chan bool
-
-	// conn is the underlying connection, which we can Close to
-	// immediately cause the background goroutine to join.
-	conn net.Conn
-}
-
-// Close releases the resources allocated by the channel. You MUST
-// call this method to force the background goroutine that is performing
-// the round trip to terminate. Calling this method also ensures we
-// close the connection used by the round trip. This method is idempotent.
-func (ch *DNSOverUDPChannel) Close() error {
-	return ch.conn.Close()
-}
-
-// Next blocks until the next response is received on Response or the
-// given context expires, whatever happens first. This function will
-// completely ignore the Joined channel and will just timeout in case
-// you call Next after the background goroutine had joined. In fact,
-// the use case for this function is using it to get a response or
-// a timeout when you know the DNS round trip is pending.
-func (ch *DNSOverUDPChannel) Next(ctx context.Context) (model.DNSResponse, error) {
-	select {
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		return nil, ctx.Err()
-	case out := <-ch.Response: // Note: AsyncRoundTrip WILL NOT close the channel or emit a nil
-		return out.Response, out.Err
-	}
-}
-
-// TryNextResponses attempts to read all the buffered messages inside of the "Response"
-// channel that contains successful DNS responses. That is, this function will silently skip
-// any possible DNSOverUDPResponse with its Err != nil. The use case for this function is
-// to obtain all the subsequent response messages we received while we were performing
-// other operations (e.g., contacting the test helper of fetching a webpage).
-func (ch *DNSOverUDPChannel) TryNextResponses() (out []model.DNSResponse) {
-	for {
-		select {
-		case r := <-ch.Response: // Note: AsyncRoundTrip WILL NOT close the channel or emit a nil
-			if r.Err == nil && r.Response != nil {
-				out = append(out, r.Response)
-			}
-		default:
-			return
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// AsyncRoundTrip performs an async DNS round trip. The "buffer" argument
-// controls how many buffer slots the returned DNSOverUDPChannel's Response
-// channel should have. A zero or negative value causes this function to
-// create a channel having a single-slot buffer.
-//
-// The real round trip runs in a background goroutine. We will terminate the background
-// goroutine when (1) the IOTimeout expires for the connection we're using or (2) we
-// cannot write on the "Response" channel or (3) the connection is closed by calling the
-// Close method of DNSOverUDPChannel. Note that the background goroutine WILL NOT close
-// the "Response" channel to signal its completion. Hence, who reads such a
-// channel MUST be prepared for read operations to block forever (i.e., should use
-// a select operation for draining the channel in a deadlock-safe way). Also,
-// we WILL NOT ever post a nil message to the "Response" channel.
-//
-// The returned DNSOverUDPChannel contains another channel called Joined that is
-// closed when the background goroutine terminates, so you can use this channel
-// should you need to synchronize with such goroutine's termination.
-//
-// If you are using the Next or TryNextResponses methods of the DNSOverUDPChannel type,
-// you don't need to worry about these low level details though.
-//
-// We give you OWNERSHIP of the returned DNSOverUDPChannel and you MUST
-// call its .Close method when done with using it.
-func (t *DNSOverUDPTransport) AsyncRoundTrip(
-	ctx context.Context, query model.DNSQuery, buffer int) (*DNSOverUDPChannel, error) {
-	rawQuery, err := query.Bytes()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	conn, err := t.Dialer.DialContext(ctx, "udp", t.Endpoint)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	conn.SetDeadline(time.Now().Add(t.IOTimeout))
-	if buffer < 2 {
-		buffer = 1 // as documented
-	}
-	outch := make(chan *DNSOverUDPResponse, buffer)
-	joinedch := make(chan bool)
-	go t.sendRecvLoop(conn, rawQuery, query, outch, joinedch)
-	dnsch := &DNSOverUDPChannel{
-		Response: outch,
-		Joined:   joinedch,
-		conn:     conn, // transfer ownership
-	}
-	return dnsch, nil
-}
-
-// sendRecvLoop sends the given raw query on the given conn and receives responses
-// from the conn posting them onto the given output channel.
-//
-// Arguments:
-//
-// 1. conn is the BORROWED net.Conn (we will use it for reading or writing but
-// we do not own the connection and we're not going to close it);
-//
-// 2. rawQuery contains the rawQuery and is BORROWED (we won't modify it);
-//
-// 3. query contains the original query and is also BORROWED;
-//
-// 4. outch is the channel where to emit measurements and is OWNED by this
-// function (that said, we WILL NOT close this channel);
-//
-// 5. eofch is the channel to signal EOF, which is OWNED by this function
-// and closed when this function exits.
-//
-// This method terminates in the following cases:
-//
-// 1. I/O error while reading or writing (including the deadline expiring or
-// the owner of the connection closing the connection);
-//
-// 2. We cannot post on the output channel because either there is
-// noone reading the channel or the channel's buffer is full.
-//
-// 3. We cannot parse incoming data as a valid DNS response message that
-// responds to the query that we originally sent.
-func (t *DNSOverUDPTransport) sendRecvLoop(conn net.Conn, rawQuery []byte,
-	query model.DNSQuery, outch chan<- *DNSOverUDPResponse, eofch chan<- bool) {
+// ownConnAndSendRecvLoop listens for delayed DNS responses after we have returned the
+// first response. As the name implies, this function TAKES OWNERSHIP of the [conn].
+func (t *DNSOverUDPTransport) ownConnAndSendRecvLoop(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn,
+	query model.DNSQuery, myaddr string, eofch chan<- bool) {
 	defer close(eofch) // synchronize with the caller
-	myaddr := conn.LocalAddr().String()
-	if _, err := conn.Write(rawQuery); err != nil {
-		outch <- t.newDNSOverUDPResponse(
-			myaddr, err, query, nil, WriteOperation) // one-sized buffer, can't block
-		return
-	}
+	defer conn.Close() // we own the conn
+	trace := ContextTraceOrDefault(ctx)
 	for {
+		started := trace.TimeNow()
 		resp, err := t.recv(query, conn)
-		select {
-		case outch <- t.newDNSOverUDPResponse(myaddr, err, query, resp, ReadOperation):
-		default:
-			return // no-one is reading the channel -- so long...
-		}
+		finished := trace.TimeNow()
 		if err != nil {
 			// We are going to consider all errors as fatal for now until we
 			// hear of specific errs that it might have sense to ignore.
@@ -316,6 +147,16 @@ func (t *DNSOverUDPTransport) sendRecvLoop(conn net.Conn, rawQuery []byte,
 			// Note that erroring out here includes the expiration of the conn's
 			// I/O deadline, which we set above precisely because we want
 			// the total runtime of this goroutine to be bounded.
+			//
+			// Also, we ARE NOT going to report any failure here as a delayed
+			// DNS response because we only care about duplicate messages, since
+			// this seems how censorship is implemented in, e.g., China.
+			return
+		}
+		addrs, err := resp.DecodeLookupHost()
+		if err := trace.OnDelayedDNSResponse(started, t, query, resp, addrs, err, finished); err != nil {
+			// This error typically indicates that the buffer on which we're
+			// writing is now full, so there's no point in persisting.
 			return
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/internal/netxlite/dnsoverudp_test.go b/internal/netxlite/dnsoverudp_test.go
index 2e14a01..6246842 100644
--- a/internal/netxlite/dnsoverudp_test.go
+++ b/internal/netxlite/dnsoverudp_test.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"net"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ooni/probe-cli/v3/internal/model"
 	"github.com/ooni/probe-cli/v3/internal/model/mocks"
 	"github.com/ooni/probe-cli/v3/internal/netxlite/filtering"
+	"github.com/ooni/probe-cli/v3/internal/testingx"
 )
 
 func TestDNSOverUDPTransport(t *testing.T) {
@@ -281,70 +283,16 @@ func TestDNSOverUDPTransport(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	})
 
-	t.Run("AsyncRoundTrip", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Run("calling Next with cancelled context", func(t *testing.T) {
-			srvr := &filtering.DNSServer{
-				OnQuery: func(domain string) filtering.DNSAction {
-					return filtering.DNSActionCache
-				},
-				Cache: map[string][]string{
-					"dns.google.": {"8.8.8.8"},
-				},
-			}
-			listener, err := srvr.Start("127.0.0.1:0")
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-			defer listener.Close()
-			dialer := NewDialerWithoutResolver(model.DiscardLogger)
-			txp := NewUnwrappedDNSOverUDPTransport(dialer, listener.LocalAddr().String())
-			encoder := &DNSEncoderMiekg{}
-			query := encoder.Encode("dns.google.", dns.TypeA, false)
-			ctx := context.Background()
-			rch, err := txp.AsyncRoundTrip(ctx, query, 1)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-			defer rch.Close()
-			ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
-			cancel() // fail immediately
-			resp, err := rch.Next(ctx)
-			if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
-				t.Fatal("unexpected err", err)
-			}
-			if resp != nil {
-				t.Fatal("unexpected resp")
-			}
-		})
-
-		t.Run("no-one is reading the channel", func(t *testing.T) {
-			srvr := &filtering.DNSServer{
-				OnQuery: func(domain string) filtering.DNSAction {
-					return filtering.DNSActionLocalHostPlusCache // i.e., two responses
-				},
-				Cache: map[string][]string{
-					"dns.google.": {"8.8.8.8"},
-				},
-			}
-			listener, err := srvr.Start("127.0.0.1:0")
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-			defer listener.Close()
-			dialer := NewDialerWithoutResolver(model.DiscardLogger)
-			txp := NewUnwrappedDNSOverUDPTransport(dialer, listener.LocalAddr().String())
-			encoder := &DNSEncoderMiekg{}
-			query := encoder.Encode("dns.google.", dns.TypeA, false)
-			ctx := context.Background()
-			rch, err := txp.AsyncRoundTrip(ctx, query, 1) // but just one place
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-			defer rch.Close()
-			<-rch.Joined // should see no-one is reading and stop
-		})
-
-		t.Run("typical usage to obtain late responses", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("recording delayed DNS responses", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("uses a context-injected custom trace (success case)", func(t *testing.T) {
+			var (
+				delayedDNSResponseCalled bool
+				goodQueryType            bool
+				goodTransportNetwork     bool
+				goodTransportAddress     bool
+				goodLookupAddrs          bool
+				goodError                bool
+			)
 			srvr := &filtering.DNSServer{
 				OnQuery: func(domain string) filtering.DNSAction {
 					return filtering.DNSActionLocalHostPlusCache
@@ -359,52 +307,94 @@ func TestDNSOverUDPTransport(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 			defer listener.Close()
 			dialer := NewDialerWithoutResolver(model.DiscardLogger)
-			txp := NewUnwrappedDNSOverUDPTransport(dialer, listener.LocalAddr().String())
+			expectedAddress := listener.LocalAddr().String()
+			txp := NewUnwrappedDNSOverUDPTransport(dialer, expectedAddress)
 			encoder := &DNSEncoderMiekg{}
 			query := encoder.Encode("dns.google.", dns.TypeA, false)
-			rch, err := txp.AsyncRoundTrip(context.Background(), query, 1)
+			zeroTime := time.Now()
+			deterministicTime := testingx.NewTimeDeterministic(zeroTime)
+			expectedAddrs := []string{"8.8.8.8"}
+			respChannel := make(chan *model.DNSResponse, 8)
+			mu := new(sync.Mutex)
+			tx := &mocks.Trace{
+				MockTimeNow: deterministicTime.Now,
+				MockOnDelayedDNSResponse: func(started time.Time, txp model.DNSTransport,
+					query model.DNSQuery, response model.DNSResponse, addrs []string, err error,
+					finished time.Time) error {
+					mu.Lock()
+					delayedDNSResponseCalled = true
+					goodQueryType = (query.Type() == dns.TypeA)
+					goodTransportNetwork = (txp.Network() == "udp")
+					goodTransportAddress = (txp.Address() == expectedAddress)
+					goodLookupAddrs = (cmp.Diff(expectedAddrs, addrs) == "")
+					goodError = (err == nil)
+					mu.Unlock()
+					select {
+					case respChannel <- &response:
+						return nil
+					default:
+						return errors.New("full buffer")
+					}
+				},
+				MockOnConnectDone: func(started time.Time, network, domain, remoteAddr string, err error,
+					finished time.Time) {
+					// do nothing
+				},
+				MockMaybeWrapNetConn: func(conn net.Conn) net.Conn {
+					return conn
+				},
+			}
+			ctx := ContextWithTrace(context.Background(), tx)
+			rch, err := txp.RoundTrip(ctx, query)
+			<-respChannel // wait for the delayed response
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatal(err)
 			}
-			defer rch.Close()
-			resp, err := rch.Next(context.Background())
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-			addrs, err := resp.DecodeLookupHost()
+			addrs, err := rch.DecodeLookupHost()
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatal(err)
 			}
+			mu.Lock()
 			if diff := cmp.Diff(addrs, []string{"127.0.0.1"}); diff != "" {
 				t.Fatal(diff)
 			}
-			// One would not normally busy loop but it's fine to do that in the context
-			// of this test because we know we're going to receive a second reply. In
-			// a real network experiment here we'll do other activities, e.g., contacting
-			// the test helper or fetching a webpage.
-			var additional []model.DNSResponse
-			for {
-				additional = rch.TryNextResponses()
-				if len(additional) > 0 {
-					if len(additional) != 1 {
-						t.Fatal("expected exactly one additional response")
-					}
-					break
-				}
+			if !delayedDNSResponseCalled {
+				t.Fatal("delayedDNSResponse not called")
 			}
-			addrs, err = additional[0].DecodeLookupHost()
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
+			if !goodQueryType {
+				t.Fatal("unexpected query type")
 			}
-			if diff := cmp.Diff(addrs, []string{"8.8.8.8"}); diff != "" {
-				t.Fatal(diff)
+			if !goodTransportNetwork {
+				t.Fatal("unexpected DNS transport network")
 			}
+			if !goodTransportAddress {
+				t.Fatal("unexpected DNS Transport address")
+			}
+			if !goodLookupAddrs {
+				t.Fatal("unexpected delayed DNSLookup address")
+			}
+			if !goodError {
+				t.Fatal("unexpected error encountered")
+			}
+			mu.Unlock()
 		})
 
-		t.Run("correct behavior when read times out", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("uses a context-injected custom trace (failure case)", func(t *testing.T) {
+			var (
+				delayedDNSResponseCalled bool
+				goodQueryType            bool
+				goodTransportNetwork     bool
+				goodTransportAddress     bool
+				goodLookupAddrs          bool
+				goodError                bool
+			)
 			srvr := &filtering.DNSServer{
 				OnQuery: func(domain string) filtering.DNSAction {
-					return filtering.DNSActionTimeout
+					return filtering.DNSActionLocalHostPlusCache
+				},
+				Cache: map[string][]string{
+					// Note: the cache here is nonexistent so we should
+					// get a "no such host" error from the server.
 				},
 			}
 			listener, err := srvr.Start("127.0.0.1:0")
@@ -413,22 +403,71 @@ func TestDNSOverUDPTransport(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 			defer listener.Close()
 			dialer := NewDialerWithoutResolver(model.DiscardLogger)
-			txp := NewUnwrappedDNSOverUDPTransport(dialer, listener.LocalAddr().String())
-			txp.IOTimeout = 30 * time.Millisecond // short timeout to have a fast test
+			expectedAddress := listener.LocalAddr().String()
+			txp := NewUnwrappedDNSOverUDPTransport(dialer, expectedAddress)
 			encoder := &DNSEncoderMiekg{}
 			query := encoder.Encode("dns.google.", dns.TypeA, false)
-			rch, err := txp.AsyncRoundTrip(context.Background(), query, 1)
+			zeroTime := time.Now()
+			deterministicTime := testingx.NewTimeDeterministic(zeroTime)
+			respChannel := make(chan *model.DNSResponse, 8)
+			mu := new(sync.Mutex)
+			tx := &mocks.Trace{
+				MockTimeNow: deterministicTime.Now,
+				MockOnDelayedDNSResponse: func(started time.Time, txp model.DNSTransport,
+					query model.DNSQuery, response model.DNSResponse, addrs []string, err error,
+					finished time.Time) error {
+					mu.Lock()
+					delayedDNSResponseCalled = true
+					goodQueryType = (query.Type() == dns.TypeA)
+					goodTransportNetwork = (txp.Network() == "udp")
+					goodTransportAddress = (txp.Address() == expectedAddress)
+					goodLookupAddrs = (len(addrs) == 0)
+					goodError = errors.Is(err, ErrOODNSNoSuchHost)
+					mu.Unlock()
+					respChannel <- &response
+					return errors.New("mocked") // return error to stop background routine to record responses
+				},
+				MockOnConnectDone: func(started time.Time, network, domain, remoteAddr string, err error,
+					finished time.Time) {
+					// do nothing
+				},
+				MockMaybeWrapNetConn: func(conn net.Conn) net.Conn {
+					return conn
+				},
+			}
+			ctx := ContextWithTrace(context.Background(), tx)
+			rch, err := txp.RoundTrip(ctx, query)
+			<-respChannel // wait for the delayed response
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatal(err)
 			}
-			defer rch.Close()
-			result := <-rch.Response
-			if result.Err == nil || result.Err.Error() != "generic_timeout_error" {
-				t.Fatal("unexpected error", result.Err)
+			addrs, err := rch.DecodeLookupHost()
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
 			}
-			if result.Operation != ReadOperation {
-				t.Fatal("unexpected failed operation", result.Operation)
+			mu.Lock()
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(addrs, []string{"127.0.0.1"}); diff != "" {
+				t.Fatal(diff)
 			}
+			if !delayedDNSResponseCalled {
+				t.Fatal("delayedDNSResponse not called")
+			}
+			if !goodQueryType {
+				t.Fatal("unexpected query type")
+			}
+			if !goodTransportNetwork {
+				t.Fatal("unexpected DNS transport network")
+			}
+			if !goodTransportAddress {
+				t.Fatal("unexpected DNS Transport address")
+			}
+			if !goodLookupAddrs {
+				t.Fatal("unexpected delayed DNSLookup address")
+			}
+			if !goodError {
+				t.Fatal("unexpected error encountered")
+			}
+			mu.Unlock()
 		})
 	})
 
diff --git a/internal/netxlite/trace.go b/internal/netxlite/trace.go
index 8409c01..313ad8e 100644
--- a/internal/netxlite/trace.go
+++ b/internal/netxlite/trace.go
@@ -67,6 +67,12 @@ func (*traceDefault) OnDNSRoundTripForLookupHost(started time.Time, reso model.R
 	// nothing
 }
 
+// OnDelayedDNSResponse implements model.Trace.OnDelayedDNSResponse.
+func (*traceDefault) OnDelayedDNSResponse(started time.Time, txp model.DNSTransport,
+	query model.DNSQuery, response model.DNSResponse, addrs []string, err error, finished time.Time) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
 // OnConnectDone implements model.Trace.OnConnectDone.
 func (*traceDefault) OnConnectDone(
 	started time.Time, network, domain, remoteAddr string, err error, finished time.Time) {